The Human Relations Movement Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Human Relations Movement - Term Paper Example Response Scientific management concept gave birth to the field of management about a century ago with pioneering work performed by Fredrick W Taylor during 1900s. The concept of management has, ever since, evolved and developed into a completely new framework that is based on quite contrasting factors described in scientific management, referred to as the human relations movement, after pioneering work of Elton May and colleagues through the Hawthorne experiments. While scientific management levied greater emphasis on the employer and the business, contemporary management levies higher significance on employees. However, both management concepts are focused on improving and growing business and reducing costs and wastage. Management specialists regard scientific management or Taylorism as the villain and the Human Relations Movement as the hero of present times. This discourse evaluates this comparison in lieu of current organizational challenges. In the process, it also evaluates va rious situations that continue to apply scientific management concepts and how these concepts continue to save organizations. At the same time, application concepts from the human relations movement are also analyzed. Scientific management was indeed first science applied to management in order to help the employer reap maximum benefits from his/her employers’ efforts. ... Taylor strongly believed that not all members of a group can be equally efficient or productive. In order to minimize inefficiency, he proposed principles of management based on a scientific study conducted in the manufacturing industry. Taylor believed that the principal object of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee (qt. In Schermerhorn, 2010). Scientific management or Taylorism is based on three core principles derived from three myths as considered by Taylor (2008).  Ã‚  

Showing Respect Essay Example for Free

Showing Respect Essay As teachers, usually we have to deal with a lot of things, such as yelling in the classroom, running in the halls and the lack of respect. Nowadays, disrespect is filling our classrooms and parents do not do anything to put a stop to the situation. As teachers or human beings we do not have to confuse respect with fear, because our work is to give tools and knowledge to our students, not frighten them. Kids are not showing any type of respect to teachers. Being in front of the class to communicate with your students might be a really strong task, especially if your students do not pay any attention to you. But, what should we do? Should we yell at them? Would that change something? Respect is not about being afraid of the teacher. Bueno (2009) once wrote â€Å"A child may obey you simply because he is afraid of you. However, when a child understands that your rules and disciplinary actions are ultimately for his own good, he will obey you because he respects you. † It is really important for our students to understand why they should or should not do something. If the learn how to respect to others, they would be able to communicate with others throughout their lifetime. When I was in front of the classroom, I try as hard as I could to be supportive to my students, but sometimes they think you only want to dig on their lives. Usually when kids show strange behaviours they are looking for some attention or they have trouble at their home. If the kid do not show any respect, neither would do the teacher, or at least it would be more difficult to keep calm and maintain a good environment in the classroom. Kids would make everything to make me feel powerless, defeated and everything will make me lose my mind. So I start wondering what is going on or how they behave in their houses. The problem might be there. Schutte (2008) explained â€Å"Parents have to pick their battles. If your child wants to wear a shirt/skirt combo that makes her look like she dressed herself in a dark closet, you may ask yourself if its worth fighting her to get her to change her duds. On the other hand, if she wants to spend time with a boy in a dark closet, you might want to make a big deal out of that. The battles that you choose to fight will directly affect your childs level of isbehaviour. † You may ask why you want to do this, but clothes are not as important as dating a boy. So, either option is just to gain attention. If we find the root of the behaviour of the students is a family problem, we, as people, have two choices, work for them or keep against them. Either kids want attention or they are having problems in their house. We, as teachers, only have one option. Help them. Every time I see a troublesome kid I get instantly attached to him or her. I try to get close to them; to their friends and find out what can I do for them. Rich (1998) wrote† In this complex world, it takes more than a good school to educate children. And it takes more than a good home. It takes these two major educational institutions working together. † Without the parents’ support, you will be stuck in that spot. So we have to get the family involved in the learning process to reach out the success the children may achieve. I always work for the children’s success through the respect and I really expect he same from them. Our job as teachers is more than just give away contents. It is about giving lessons of life and spreading some values that might be helpful for them in their lifetime. That is our goal; show them they could be better. Explain them how great can they be, or how far they might go with just a little bit of work, not only with themselves, but also with their families. We just might be proud of them when we could see what they have accomplished and think that we were involved in their success.

The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions

The causes and effects of mergers and acquisitions It is still the start of the 21st century and as per the predictions, the world is moving at a brisk speed. The people who catches up with the world right now will be able to survive others will not be able to follow them. Same is the case with the companies of the 21st century. Companies today need to be fast growing, efficient, profitable, flexible, adaptable, and future-ready and have a dominant market position. Without these qualities, firms believe that it is virtually impossible to be competitive in todays global economy. Academics and other observers advance value-maximization,[6] managerial ego, mimicry, the need to reduce uncertainty and defensive considerations (acquire to avoid being acquired; ensure that growth keeps up with that of competitors, etc.) and high levels of corporate reserves and share valuations among the motives behind consolidation in financial services. Supporters of MAs allege that they facilitate synergies between merged organizations, generate efficiency improvements and increase competitiveness. Indeed, they hold that mergers, by increasing economies of scale and spreading costs over a larger customer base, enable financial operators to provide services at lower prices. Demonstrating that MAs improve efficiency is thus central to making the case for the consumer benefits of mergers and in assessing their potential impact on consumers.[7] If mergers improve efficiency, then larger, combined firms may be expected to pass some savings on to consumers through lower prices or improved service. In some industries such as insurance or banking, firms may move into new markets. In others such as pharmaceuticals or software technology, firms may work with smaller firms that have developed or are developing new products that they can manufacture and/or distribute more efficiently, while other firms focus on their own internal growth, leadership and development. Regardless of industry, however, it appears that it has become all but impossible in our global environment for firms to compete with others without growing and expanding through deals that result in mergers or acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions are increasingly being used by firms to strengthen and maintain their position in the market place. They are seen by many as a relatively fast and efficient way to expand into new markets and incorporate new technologies. Yet their success is by no means assured. To the contrary, a majority fall short of their stated goals and objectives. Mergers Acquisitions an opportunity to improve employee relations or pull off some krafty moves? Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) have been a current topic within HR and Employment Law for a long time now but the last ten years has seen far greater opportunities opening up for companies (including private equity funds etc) to make that transforming acquisition or merger with a rival which will deliver major financial benefits and enhance shareholder value. Of course it is a well known fact that more than 60% of mergers/acquisitions fail to achieve their planned objectives. One major contributory factor in this has been the failure to pay sufficient attention to the people aspect of this type of change. Emotions can and do run high during protracted MA battles. Obviously the financial, legal and commercial issues will take precedence over the people issues. However compelling the financial or commercial case, a takeover will not succeed if key individuals are not motivated to make the new arrangements work. Those key individuals can be at any level in the business and it is not always the case that there are many other qualified and more motivated people just waiting to take their places. Rectifying these problems, although possible, can be costly. Kraft may rue the day when they failed to deliver on their commitment and dismissed many knowledgeable and experienced staff at Cadburys near Keynsham.   Neglecting the human factor is a frequent cause of failure Cultural and symbolic elements in MAs are typically framed in terms of the distinction between the merging firms, thus leading to an us versus them dualism. The creation of formal, internal communications mechanisms as early as possible in the process is necessary to limit the anxiety that will otherwise be fuelled by rumour, the grapevine, or even outside news reports. Employees complain that their first knowledge that their employer is involved in a merger or acquisition is often from the morning news before setting off for work. According to a Hewitt Associates executive, the fact that the human factor is taken into account in only 5 per cent of MAs explains why more than half of them in all sectors fail. Teams are usually put together to oversee merger and acquisition operations. These teams almost always comprise specialists in legal and financial issues as well as experts in strategy but rarely do they include human resource directors. One possible explanation is the fact that speed is generally considered of capital importance for success. While the integration phase of merging enterprises may cover between three to five years, the first 100 days after the announcement of the transaction are the most crucial for success or failure. It has become common practice to prepare and communicate to staff and shareholders a programme of integration activities to cover this period, when the feelings of fear, apathy, demotivation and the classical victor and vanquished syndromes are at their highest. Since a majori ty of mergers end up with the elimination of overlapping functions and positions, the first 100 days are likely to be those when staff are most uncertain about jobs, career prospects and the disappearance of their own corporate culture. To reduce the possibilities of failure in MAs, some management experts have recommended that human capital be placed at the centre of the process, or at least be given equal attention to that assigned to economic and financial considerations. According to this school of thought, such a redirection would enable acquirers to select the most compatible acquisition targets from a human resource perspective and make integration that much easier. Frank communication on a daily basis between management and staff helps to dispel some of the uncertainties of MAs and avoid organizational drift. Employees should be informed in good time about the manner in which redundancies, if there are to be any, will be decided and about the role of their trade unions or representatives in the process. It is also important for staff from the acquired organization to be assured that the rights and entitlements they had with their previous employer are to be respected; otherwise there is a high probability of conflict. Merger uncertainties are also frequently blamed for the loss of talent from target companies, which can destroy the very basis for the merger. The failed merger plans between the Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank in April 2000 demonstrate how staff resistance can undermine corporate strategies and management wishes. Integration of teams from the respective investment banks of the two parent banks posed a risk to the balance already achieved between staff in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and the previously acquired Bankers Trust. MAs imply immediate and direct job losses A study on the efficiency effects of bank mergers in the United States,[49] which summarizes nine case studies, reports that all nine mergers resulted in significant cost cutting in line with pre-merger projections, although only four of the mergers were clearly successful in improving cost efficiency. As for employment, the largest volume of cost reductions was generally associated with staff reductions and data processing systems and operations. Payroll reductions often accounted for over 50  per cent of the total cost reduction and in at least one case the reduction in staff costs accounted for nearly two-thirds of the total. In all cases, the savings achieved were of the order of 30 to 40 per cent of the non-interest expenses of the target. All of the merged firms indicated that the actual savings either met or exceeded expectations. Most of the firms projected that the cost savings would be fully achieved within three years after the merger, with the majority of the savings be ing achieved after two years. Managing downsizing related   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to MA restructuring While MAs are driven largely by financial considerations, their success vitally depends on the motivation of retained workers to contribute to the achievement of merger objectives. The high proportion of failed MAs may not be unrelated to the manner in which staff are often relegated to cost variables rather than being made active partners in the change process. Social plans, guarantees against forced departures and the involvement of staff in MA-related decision-making are critical motivating factors. The study referred to in Chapter 1[69] concluded that the failure of the overwhelming majority of MAs resulted from concentration on hard legal and finance issues to the detriment of the soft people issues in merger planning and implementation. Poor communications with employees appeared to pose a greater risk than that with shareholders, suppliers or customers. The study found that success was linked to a holistic approach when the soft people and cultural issues were an integral part of the focus on financial performance. Of the companies involved in the survey, just nine (less than 10 per cent of respondents) addressed all the soft keys, and each was successful. The study stresses the fact that once value was lost, it was seldom recovered. Even though possibly the most difficult to implement effectively, headcount reduction was the area in which most companies reported achieving their targets. Loss of staff an inevitable result of MAs often included the very individuals the acquirer needed and intended to keep to succeed. MA value extraction was impossible without the enthusiastic cooperation of employees. MAs, remuneration and other compensation issues Two conflicting aims appear to characterize current practices in financial sector remuneration: the need to reduce labour costs within a context of increasing competition and decreasing profitability and the necessity to compensate and adequately reward employee performance and commitment within an environment of continuous and challenging change.[75] Recent trends in compensation policies are moving towards more contingent, individualized and explicitly performance-based systems, while seeking to retain workers loyalty and commitment to organizational goals. This might explain why changes in compensation have tended to be less dramatic than expected compared with both current rhetoric and experience in other industries. The main exception to the industry trend is the United States, where in the absence of a collective wage agreement or any kind of coordination between banks in wage setting, wide differences in compensation levels both between and within financial institutions have a lways been the rule. Sales-based bonuses, either individual-based (as for lenders in wholesale operations) or distributed via managers to branch offices, are the most widespread example of incentives, while commissions have become common for crucial jobs, such as investment advisors.[76 MAs and working time The link between financial sector concentration and patterns in regular working time is difficult to identify because working-time agreements depend upon the national context and are not limited to the sector under consideration. Banks adoption of the retailing model is encouraging them to adjust their hours to customer requirements, extending opening hours on at least one day a week and even opening some branches on traditionally closed days such as Saturdays a trend which has aroused strong trade union reactions in a number of countries. It goes without saying that MAs can provide an opportunity for management to opt for more customer-friendly working hours. However, the rapid development of Internet-based direct banking and ATMs often accelerating and accelerated by MAs has the opposite effect of reducing the need for longer opening hours. Given that successful management of the restructuring process is vital for achieving organizational objectives, managers need to be aware that downsizing is more than a reduction in head count and work reorganization. Terminations destroy the firms social fabric as structures are altered, relationships disrupted and work patterns and communication flows modified, making it more difficult for retained staff to do their work. These structural problems may inhibit performance so that staff need help to cultivate new ties, although insufficient attention is usually given to the intricate relationship between the organizations formal and informal structures. In addition, survivors who are already subject to survivors syndrome find they have to work harder to cover staffing shortfalls, with the consequence that increased workloads feed the stress related to job insecurity, undermining the very efficiency goals that motivated the merger or acquisition. Job insecurity may make employees feel pressured into agreeing to put extra effort into their jobs to demonstrate organizational loyalty; but such working conditions are neither sustainable nor conducive to the achievement of corporate objectives. Financial sector restructuring around the world has led to a high rate of call centre growth. Research by Deloitte Touche has found, for instance, that Australia has 1,400 call centres and help-desks employing 50,000 people and annual sales of $2 billion. Staff turnover averages 18 per cent a year mainly due to stress, as confirmed by the fact that 80 per cent of workers are requesting stress management training assistance. The annual cost to the industry from the high turnover has been estimated at around $100 million. MAs generate high levels of staff anxiety and stress as their working world is turned upside down, their jobs come under threat and their career prospects and professional competence are called into question. Collective defensive mechanisms, especially in hostile takeovers involving previously keen competitors, may lead to a victor-vanquished syndrome inducing behaviour inimical to the smooth implementation of changes for successful integration. Employees from each company are aware that there are many duplicated positions to be eliminated and the struggle to survive will be fierce. Trade unions may themselves be at loggerheads as the merger may involve companies recognizing different negotiating partners. Not surprisingly, it is much easier for managers to convince shareholders about the merits of proposed mergers than it is to persuade their own staff.

Ancient Civilizations Essay example -- essays research papers

#1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A pattern that was common among the ancient civilizations of China, Rome, Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India was that most of them started as a dictatorship, a monarchy, or a dynasty. Eventually, most of them changed to a democracy, republic, or to class systems. Almost all of the civilizations had one or two great leaders. For example, Egypt had King Tut, Greece had Alexander the Great and Rome had Julius Caesar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China has had many different leaders through the years. Dynasties, or a series of rulers from the same decent, ruled this government. Some of the most powerful dynasties were the Shang, Zhou, and Qin. These dynasties and many others ruled from the times of 1500 BC to 1900 AD. The dynasty that lasted the longest was the Zhou Dynasty. It lasted from 1122 BC through 256 BC. The Qin Dynasty had one of the strongest central governments, but only lasted fourteen years. The most peaceful time was when the Han Dynasty ruled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another ancient civilization was the Romans. They started out as a monarchy government by having one ruler. Eventually an idea of republicanism overthrew the monarchy. The Romans thought that this would keep any one person from gaining too much power. The most powerful governing body was the senate. The senators elected two consuls each year. The consul’s jobs were to supervise the business of government and command the armies. They could only se...

Future Trends of Human Resource Essay

1. Introduction What does the human resource information system look like in the future? It is hard to find an accurate answer for me. Every year, thousands of HRIS specialists trying to predict the future trends of HRIS and, of course, their prediction differ. However, despite of what prediction they had made, I think social media will play an important role in next few years. In this paper, I will try to discuss what social media means to human resource and discuss three major players in the field—Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. 2. Social Network Site vs. HR According to the 2011 Kelly Services Global employees Index research, published by the famous human resource service organization Kelly Services, social network site is becoming the â€Å"edge tool† in the future workplace. According to the research, social network site (SNS) is changing the way of life and work. It expanded its function from only entertaining to boosting working efficiency and enhancing the success rate of job applying. The research shows that over 80% of workforce is using SNS every day, while over 60% of workforce considers it as a work booster. According to the research, a lot of employees think they can develop an instant synchronized â€Å"expert tank†, from which they can acquire relative knowledge, skill and experience, so that they will be support by experts wherever, whenever. They also regard SNS as a pipe cleaner of the networking. By using SNS, they can manage their networking just within few clicks. It is a cost efficiency and personalized way. In addition, they also use SNS to relieve work pressure. According to the research, SNS is now penetrating to the area of traditional recruiting. The advantage of it includes no limits of time and space, cost efficiency and high reliability. The research indicated that over 90% active job seekers are now using SNS at least once per week. It also indicated that job seekers who age below 25 are more willing to use SNS as a tool to find job, while who age over 35 are more possible to find a job by using it. The research suggests that company should pay attention to what SNS may change the future workplace. According to the research, the most common worries toward SNS are affecting productivity, occupying internet and threating the information security. It also report that there are a lot of companies are now start using SNS to recruit, manage market, promote public relation and guide career development by setting new policies and using latest antivirus technics. 3. Facebook Facebook is a SNS launched in February 2004, owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. By the time of October 2012, Facebook has over one billion active users, more than half of them using Facebook on a mobile device. According to the research, 23% of Facebook users check their account 5 times or more per day. By the time of May 2012, Facebook received more than 1.6 billion visits per week. There are over 1,000,000 links shared on Facebook every 20 minutes. If you regard Facebook merely as an entertaining SNS, you will be absolutely wrong. In the era of internet, Facebook is now developing different social platforms. It transforms its function from just connecting and entertaining people to job bank and social synergy. By Facebook recently launched job applying app â€Å"Jobvite†, people can find, refer, and match jobs to friends with Jobvite’s proprietary matching technology, providing better access to opportunities for job seekers and more quality hires for employers. Users can connect and apply to jobs completely within Facebook; and they can see their status in the hiring process at any time, creating a positive, transparent relationship for companies and candidates. By using another job applying app â€Å"jobandtalent†, users can discover and leverage their existing Facebook network to find job opportunities and stand out to top companies. Jobandtalent claimed that they are working with world top companies like Goldman Sachs, Deloitte and Google. The fact is that the data stored on Facebook not only including job relate area, but also including other areas, such as daily life. Employer can acquire 360-degree background information of candidates via Facebook. â€Å"It is easy to track record of candidates on Facebook. These records may imply personal interests, personality and other attributes† Said an HR specialist, â€Å"Traditional resumes are monotonous, like masks, but these records are alive and we can totally tell a difference.† It is not surprisingly true. Tell me if I wrong, if the records of a candidate show that he use the â€Å"f† word all the time, dare you or dare you not hire him? Job applicants like him will lose his opportunity from the beginning. Facebook is now challenging LinkedIn by this advantage. According to the survey conducted by Bureau of Labor Statistics, almost half of companies are now using Facebook in their recruitment process, such as Boeing and Dell. They use Facebook not only for job posting, but also for background investigation. However, research shows that there are different between social media behavior and real life behavior. It is to be studied whether it is reliable to investigate candidates via SNS. 4. LinkedIn LinkedIn is a SNS for professional people. Launched on May 5th, 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking. By the time of June 2012, LinkedIn reports more than 175,000,000 users in more than 200 countries. Monster is one of three largest job posting web site, however, its financial report showed a significant decline in business revenue. According to the market analyst, because of the blooming of LinkedIn, companies like Monster are losing market share in a large scale. Just like Facebook, LinkedIn founded upon the theory of Six Degrees of Separation. Also it was not designed for recruiting; LinkedIn became the major way to recruit in the U.S. by the time of 2006 and achieve profitability. LinkedIn is known as its high accurate matching rate. It can even â€Å"push† eligible candidates to employers by preset standard. According to the co-founder Reid Hoffman, it is more and more important for people to utilize their networking in the future. If you want to change you r job every two or three years, you have to maintain your networking to find new opportunities. SNS is the easiest way to do it. You don’t have to make call after call and desperate to find topic to cottoning up, you don’t have to visit people with gifts door after door. The only thing you have to do is just within few clicks, and you can make connection with people you want to. In his opinion, the value of LinkedIn is â€Å"concentrate in the value moment†. Also Facebook has more user base and more stickiness; it is not safe to say that LinkedIn is losing the game. The orientation of these two web-sites is different. The business scope of Facebook is wide and the â€Å"killer app† of it is social game and â€Å"Share†, while LinkedIn concentrate in professional occupations. In a way, the overlap of these two web-sites is small. People regard Facebook as â€Å"individual† and LinkedIn as â€Å"professional†. Compare to strong interaction of Facebook, LinkedIn is not that strong. However, this weak interaction as â€Å"professional community† is where it value lies. For the user of LinkedIn, log in every day and post threats is meaningless and way far from the identity of professional, it will only imply that you are not in the working status. In other word, user stickiness makes little sense for LinkedIn. In addition, compared to Facebook, LinkedIn is a real-name, high quality user concentrated SNS. In other word, the user group is rich and high-educated middle-aged professions. This user group is known as high business value. According to the statistics from Quantcast, in the United States, the proportion of user over 35 is over 70%, the proportion of user with bachelor or above education is over 75% and the proportion of user with over $100,000 incomes is over 39%, compared to Facebook with only 32%, 53% and 32% (Chart 1). Chart1 Demographic Analysis of Facebook and LinkedIn What’s more, in business related area, LinkedIn is highly recognized than Facebook. According to a research conducted by Jobvite, in job applicants who are now using or will use SNS to find jobs, more than 95% indicate that they will choose LinkedIn. Only 59% chose Facebook and 42% chose Twitter. In people who already find a job by using SNS, 89% of them used LinkedIn, 28% used Facebook. To sum up, although Facebook is now challenging LinkedIn in professional SNS area, LinkedIn is still No.1 in the field. 5. Twitter Twitter is an online social networking service and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters, known as â€Å"tweets†. Launched in July, 2006, the service rapidly gained worldwide popularity. By the time of 2012, over 500,000,000 active users generating over 340,000,000 tweets per day and handling over 1,600,000,000 search queries per day. Twitter has been described as â€Å"the SMS of the Internet† Unlike Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter has its own characteristics. Firstly, there is a limit of characters for each tweet. You can only send up to 140 characters in one tweet. This limit made information fragmented. This kind of fragmented information eliminated the time of reading, and by this elimination user can spread their thought more accurately and more efficiency. Secondly, you don’t have to get â€Å"approval† to follow somebody. This character makes Twitter more like a broadcasting station. Users could follow the Twitter of their favorite celebrity, brand and company to acquire latest trend. Likewise, the later will use Twitter to improve public relation to the target user group. Thirdly, most of user write and read tweets by using mobile devices. That means you will get first hand news via Twitter. An interesting statistic shows that within Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter has second largest influence of commercial both in B2B and B2C. Facebook has the largest influence of B2C commercial while LinkedIn has the largest influence of B2B commercial (Chart 2). Chart 2 Influences in Commercial For human resource, Twitter has two major functions. The first function is to use Twitter to improve company image. More and more companies now hiring Twitter specialist to manage company Twitter. The other is to recruit. Compare to Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter is more cost saving, speedy and simple. According to William Fisher, the founder of job searching web site TwitJobSearch, there are more than 340,000 jobs posting in Twitter per month. TwitJobSearch release two apps—Job-Deck and TweetDeck. Users can sort and find job posting related tweets by using these two apps. 6. Cites http://recruiting.jobvite.com/company/press-releases/2011/jobvite-launches-social-job-app-on-facebook-to-power-referral-hiring/ http://callcenterinfo.tmcnet.com/news/2011/10/03/5822750.htm

Minds and Machines essays

Minds and Machines essays 1) Briefly describe Descartes view of the relation between mind and body. What, if anything, is wrong with this view? Rene Descartes view of the relation between the mind and body, is a very complicated one. However if one was to put it simply, Descartes view is that the mind and the body are separate substances (Grayling 2001 p, 1). This idea of the mind and body being separate entities is known as Dualism. Descartes claimed that because he could think of the mind and body as being apart from each other, then they could also exist apart (Mattey 2001 p, 10). Descartes also stated that human bodies are external in that they can be observed by others (Mattey 2001 p, 11). This ability to be observed, coupled with the thought that a body is a part of space, also labeled the body as extended and part of the physical world. Descartes also believed that the body was subordinate to mechanical laws (Ryle 1949 p,120). In contrast to the body being external, Descartes declared that the mind was internal, in that no one could observe the workings of the mind, aside from the person themselves (Mattey p, 11). The mind was said to be part of the mental world. By taking Descartes views into account, one could then conclude that a person is divided into two separate entities, the mind and the body. However Descartes definitions of the relationship between the mind and body, or more importantly the lack of, raised many problems for philosophers and people in general (Kihlstrom p, 1). One of the major problems for dualists, such as Descartes, to over come was initiated by the fact that the body and mind can interact (Kihlstrom p, 2). This interaction can be seen when one considers that the mind can control and cause actions in the body, for example the movement of ones arms or legs. It can also be seen that the body acts with the mind, ...

Solubility Rules for Inorganic Compounds

Solubility Rules for Inorganic Compounds These are the general solubility rules for inorganic compounds, primarily inorganic salts. Use the solubility rules to determine whether a compound will dissolve or precipitate in water. Generally Soluble Inorganic Compounds Ammonium (NH4), potassium (K), sodium (Na) : All ammonium, potassium and sodium salts are soluble. Exceptions: some transition metal compounds.Bromides (Br–), chlorides (Cl–) and iodides (I–): Most bromides are soluble. Exceptions: salts containing silver, lead, and mercury.Acetates (C2H3O2–): All acetates are soluble. Exception: silver acetate is only moderately soluble.Nitrates (NO3–): All nitrates are soluble.Sulfates (SO42–): All sulfates are soluble except barium and lead. Silver, mercury(I), and calcium sulfates are slightly soluble. Hydrogen sulfates (HSO4–) (the bisulfates) are more soluble than the other sulfates. Generally Insoluble Inorganic Compounds Carbonates (CO32–), chromates (CrO42–), phosphates (PO43–), silicates (SiO42–): All carbonates, chromates, phosphates,  and silicates are insoluble. Exceptions: those of ammonium, potassium and sodium. An exception to the exceptions is MgCrO4, which is soluble.Hydroxides (OH–): All hydroxides (except ammonium, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, rubidium) are insoluble. Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 are slightly soluble.Silver (Ag): All silver salts are insoluble. Exceptions: AgNO3 and AgClO4. AgC2H3O2 and Ag2SO4 are moderately soluble.Sulfides (S2–): All sulfides (except sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium,  and barium) are insoluble.Aluminum sulfides and chromium sulfides are hydrolyzed and precipitate as hydroxides. Table of Ionic Compound Solubility in Water at 25 °C Remember, solubility depends on the temperature of the water. Compounds that dont dissolve around room temperature may become more soluble in warm water. When using the table, refer to the soluble compounds first. For example, sodium carbonate is soluble because all sodium compounds are soluble, even though most carbonates are insoluble. Soluble Compounds Exceptions (are insoluble) Alkali metal compounds (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) ammonium ion compounds (NH4+ Nitrates (NO3-), bicarbonates (HCO3-), chlorates (ClO3-) Halides (Cl-, Br-, I-) Halides of Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ Sulfates (SO42-) Sulfates of Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Hg22+, Pb2+ Insoluble Compounds Exceptions (are soluble) Carbonates (CO32-), phosphates (PO42-), chromates (CrO42-), sulfides (S2-) Alkali metal compounds and those containing the ammonium ion Hydroxides (OH-) Alkali metal compounds and those containing Ba2+ As a final tip, remember solubility is not all-or-none. While some compounds completely dissolve in water and some are almost completely insoluble, many insoluble compounds are actually slightly soluble. If you get unexpected results in an experiment (or are looking for sources of error), remember a small amount of an insoluble compound may be participating in a chemical reaction.

Prehistoric Life During the Pleistocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Pleistocene Epoch The Pleistocene epoch represented the culmination of 200 million years of mammalian evolution, as bears, lions, armadillos, and even wombats grew to bizarrely large sizesand then went extinct due to climate change and human predation. The Pleistocene is the last named epoch of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present)Â  and is the first epoch of the Quaternary period, which continues to this day. (Up to the year 2009, when paleontologists agreed on a change, the Pleistocene officially began 1.8 million rather than 2.6 million years ago.) Climate and Geography The end of the Pleistocene epoch (20,000 to 12,000 years ago) was marked by a global ice age, which led to the extinction of many megafauna mammals. What most people dont know is that this capitalized Ice Age was the last of no less than 11 Pleistocene ice ages, interspersed with more temperate intervals called interglacials. During these periods, much of North America and Eurasia was covered by ice, and ocean levels plummeted by hundreds of feet (due to the freezing of available water at and near the poles). Terrestrial Life Mammals: The dozen or so ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch wreaked havoc on megafauna mammals, the largest examples of which were simply unable to find enough food to sustain their populations. Conditions were especially severe in North and South America and Eurasia, where the late Pleistocene witnessed the extinction of Smilodon (the Saber-Toothed Tiger), the Woolly Mammoth, the Giant Short-Faced Bear, Glyptodon (the Giant Armadillo), and Megatherium (the Giant Sloth). Camels disappeared from North America, as did horses, which were only reintroduced to this continent during historical times, by Spanish settlers. From the perspective of modern humans, the most important development of the Pleistocene epoch was the continuing evolution of hominid apes. At the start of the Pleistocene, Paranthropus and Australopithecus were still extant; a population of the latter most likely spawned Homo erectus, which itself competed with Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe and Asia. By the end of the Pleistocene, Homo sapiens had appeared and spread around the globe, helping to hasten the extinction of the megafauna mammals that these early humans either hunted for food or eliminated for their own safety. Birds: During the Pleistocene epoch, bird species continued to flourish around the globe, inhabiting various ecological niches. Sadly, the giant, flightless birds of Australia and New Zealand, such as Dinornis (the Giant Moa) and Dromornis (the Thunder Bird), quickly succumbed to predation by human settlers. Some Pleistocene birds, like the Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon, managed to survive well into historical times. Reptiles: As with birds, the big reptile story of the Pleistocene epoch was the extinction of oversized species in Australia and New Zealand, most notably the giant monitor lizard Megalania (which weighed up to two tons) and the giant turtle Meiolania (which only weighed half a ton). Like their cousins around the globe, these giant reptiles were doomed by a combination of climate change and predation by early humans. Marine Life The Pleistocene epoch witnessed the final extinction of the giant shark Megalodon, which had been the top predator of the oceans for millions of years; otherwise, though, this was a relatively uneventful time in the evolution of fish, sharks, and marine mammals. One notable pinniped that appeared on the scene during the Pleistocene was Hydrodamalis (aka Stellers Sea Cow), a 10-ton behemoth that only went extinct 200 years ago. Plant Life There were no major plant innovations during the Pleistocene epoch; rather, during these two million years, grasses and trees were at the mercy of intermittently plunging and rising temperatures. As during preceding epochs, tropical jungles and rainforests were confined to the equator, with deciduous forests and barren tundra and grasslands dominating northern and southern regions.

Poetry Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Paper - Essay Example He sees both the roads and looks at them until the vision of his eye permits him to do so. The second stanza of the poem begins with the explanation of the poet for both the roads. He presents that both the roads do not hold much differences. The only difference in the two paths is that one of the roads seems to be less used and less travelled. He chooses this path for himself. In the third stanza of the poem, Frost restates his point that both the paths were almost the same and he thinks that he would come back to walk on the other path some other time. He then states that deep down he knows the fact that he will not get a chance to come back and walk on the other road. In the last stanza of the poem, Frost presents that after the passage of many years he will share his experience with other people and explain to them that he had a choice to opt between one of the two paths in the woods. He concludes his poem by saying that he will explain to the people the reason for his choice. Th e poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has an important underlying theme and is not merely about the decision of Frost of opting for a path in the forest. The poem explains the characteristics of human nature and presents an important point that comes in the life of every human being which is the point of taking a decision. This is an occurrence which takes place in the life of every individual when a person has to opt for a decision. The two paths in the poem signify the point in a person’s life when he has two different options but he has to opt for only one. The analysis of Frost of the two roads in the woods explains human nature when every person analyzes the different options that are available to him so that he can choose what is best for him. The thinking of Robert Frost that he will come back to walk on the other road when he is well aware that he will never be able to do so also highlights an important aspect of the human beings. It explains the hap pening of the life of every individual as after a person makes a choice regarding his life; it is not possible for him to go back to that point and opt for another option that was available for him then. This is because one option that a person chooses leads towards many other happenings and it is not possible to go back to the first point and start from the scratch again. The poem also puts forward another very important aspect of the nature of human beings which is dissatisfaction. A human being does not get satisfied with what he gets and he always tends to think that had he opted for another choice for himself, he might have been in a better position. This ambiguity is presented in the poem when Frost also wills to walk on the other path but he knows that it will not be possible. Thus the poem carries important themes and messages. Works Cited Top of Form Frost, Robert.  The Road Not Taken, Birches, and Other Poems. Claremont, Calif: Claremont Canyon Press, 2010. Print. Bottom of

Macro economic assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro economic assignment - Essay Example www.fxwords.com/g/gross-domestic-product-quarterly... For GDP Comparison we used http://www.demographia.com/db-ppp-uscan.htm Current Economic Arena This report highlights the current trends in the economy which are detrimental to the Future development in the sense that if the trends are not corrected will lead to a situation where many of the opportunities to develop form the needs of nations like the United States, and Europe will soon erode and be gone to eastern economies for ever. Canadian companies have been making headway in the IT sector and in the home business sector. Consumer and industrial production and investment are on the rise, but costs as shown by the trends and statistics are on the rise too. Thus development is offset by rising cost, low productivity and investments. We apprise you on the three key areas where detailed changes in policy are needed. 1. We have to attract more investment, and for this we need to develop better infrastructure. 2. We need to address the concern of services and development both in manpower and in infrastructure of the Information Industry in which we can become a major player in the next 5 years. 3. We need to, consequently address housing, and transport needs. All this is possible only with government spending and lesser or minimal taxation. Indicators to the analysis While GDP and nominal indicators are a sure way of determining our current position, as we can see below, by itself it is not enough to determine the policies we ought to set forth. Our GDP growth: Our GDP growth has been constant and fluctuates only between 4.8 and 6.3 percent especially as compared to the US. That should give us pleasure that we are truly developing. However the consumption patters, and rise of fuel...This is bad news for us. It is time we took steps to develop our infrastructure in such a manner that Canada can host software and technology parks and benefit from that, and attract overseas investments. The thrust therefore will be on these three things: Government Investments, Industry specific developments especially with regard to Information technology, and Education. We also will lay a matrix for upgrading public transport to cover for rising oil costs. Future development in the sense that if the trends are not corrected will lead to a situation where many of the opportunities to develop form the needs of nations like the United States, and Europe will soon erode and be gone to eastern economies for ever. Canadian companies have been making headway in the IT sector and in the home business sector. Consumer and industrial production and investment are on the rise, but costs as shown by the trends and statistics are on the rise too. Thus development is offset by rising cost, low productivity and investments. Our GDP growth: Our GDP growth has been constant and fluctuates only between 4.8 and 6.3 percent especially as compared to the US. That should give us pleasure that we are truly developing. However the consumption patters, and rise of fuel costs to over 4.9% within the last six months, and the availability of lesser infrastructure to develop is impeding the progress of the economy. While Canada was always investor friendly,

Beethoven's Hearing Loss & Its Effect On His Music Research Paper

Beethoven's Hearing Loss & Its Effect On His Music - Research Paper Example He was born in 1770 and in around 1800, his hearing sense started to deplete with every passing day and in some years, he was totally deaf to hear anything around him. This sorrowful event in his life did not only affect his life, rather his whole career was at the stake and he had to abandon the pianist classes and performances. Ludvig continued to compose different lyrics for music and shows but his art of singing and performing live was depleting swiftly. He was of the view the music is being affected badly by his performance being deaf. Dissonant harmonies are a must to feel and hear when you are performing on a public platform to imbibe and integrate the learning capacity in music. He as not unable to hear anything thus he had to leave singing and performing in the general masses1. The early strike of deafness isolated Ludvig Beethoven because of the fact that this great artist was at the peak of his career when the deafness started. Experts are of the view that if this deafness would not have been struck Ludvig , he would have become a great director and virtuoso pianist. Ludvig was a man of a few words form the very first day and his aim was only to performance rather than to speak but deafness forced him to stay out of any social circle. The deafness was very slow and growing erratically. The slow augmentation of hearing problems broke the heart of Beethoven and pushed him to leave his career. Many artists tried to make Ludvig understand the fact that there is a peculiar originality in hiswork because when person hears other sounds, there is an increased chance and tendency of copying the content whereas in case of Ludvig, there was uniqueness and creativity not only in his work but also in his style, his pianist approach, his lyrics but all these motivation could not inject the sense of performing and singing in front of people because he thought it would affect the music itself. When Ludvig was 26 years old, in the year of 1796, he started to experien ce the symptoms of deafness when he heard the tinnitus, a "ringing" in his ears. According to the letter written by Beethoven to his friendin 1801, it is depicted that Beethoven always wanted to continue his career at the start when the magnitude of the deafness was not known to anyone. He wrote to his friends that these days heis suffering from hear loss symptoms and how he is much worried about the effect of this problem on his profession. Beethoven continued to go for the musical concerts and public events despite of the deteriorating hearing condition. In the stage performance of his Ninth Symphony, he had to move his face towards the audience to experience the big applause on his performance. He was so shocked on this that he wept in front of the whole audience2. Many experts and historians are of the view that Beethoven wanted to appear in pubic even after the depletion of his hearing power because at the start, he said that hearing has nothing to do with singing and I can con tinue with my career. But after a failed public attempt in 1811 to perform his own Piano Concerto No. 5 (the "Emperor"), he never tried to perform in public again and his perception about the links between deafness and singing were revamped. He said that due to the inability to understand and evaluate one’s performance with his own ear, it is not possible to keep

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example Various companies claim to have the best corporate environment in their respective cultures but there are several discrepancies and deviations in them. Abolishment of organizational ethics can be observed in companies and yet they claim to be the best in market. The purpose of this paper is to examine such circumstances in a profit organization- Apple Inc. and a nonprofit organization- International Red Crescent. What sort of organizational ethics play into action in these firms and how are they following the code of ethics is the essence of the paper. What kind of culture is prevailing in the decision making process- authoritative or democratic etc. Examining the current status of employees, management practices and their relationship with the ethical management theories will be illustrated. What processes the companies have applied to remain competitive in the industry and are the mission & vision matching with their respective actions etc or not. In depth analysis of both these co mpanies will be done to acquire concrete knowledge. Part 1: International Red Cross: Company Profile The International Red Cross movement is a world renowned nonprofit humanitarian movement for the welfare of human race. It has the legacy to help out human beings irrespective of any race, color or religion. The motto of this movement is to protect human lives, cure them from diseases and prevent their sufferings. This movement has been working globally having stations in almost every country of the world. The Red Cross movement has its subsidiaries working in countries by the name of National Red Cross; however the mother organization remains as International Red Cross. Red Cross joined hands with the Red Crescent movement so that humanitarian services would be expanded and an overall impact all over the globe could be made. The efforts of the merger of both these organizations gave a powerful message that humanity first. The establishment of International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement was essential as they got immense aid and their humanitarian services also spread out. This movement is highly acknowledged by the governments of the world and in the time of war, floods, earthquakes or any unpleasant circumstances; International Red Cross & Red Crescent are the front row saviors of human lives. They have well qualified doctors, physicians, rescue team and technology. Due to their enormous fame and great services, government and people whole heartedly aid this organization. The efforts laid by Red Cross are verily outstanding and commendable. Ethical Dilemma at Red Cross Every organization faces tough and hard circumstances through which it has to pass victorious. Red Cross has faced several ethical dilemmas and it occurred due to numerous reasons. The biggest issue which Red Cross has been facing is the logistics problem. Logistics and Supply chain management is a big setback in the serving efforts of the organization. The proper management and allocation process still needs to be examined. There is no doubt about the services provided by Red Cross but most of them it is observed that there process is slowed down due to delay in supplies. The supply chain management department of Red Crescent has not been so active in the years and their service has not been up to the mark (Van Wassenhove, 2005). Delays in facilitating the affected masses have been due to shortage of supplies in which the negligence of supply chain department and

Exotic Opera in the 19th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exotic Opera in the 19th Century - Essay Example Thereafter, the researcher will conduct a brief literature review that will analyze the dissimilarities between Verdi’s music and Marico’s music which is used in their operas. Similar studies will also be evaluated before making a conclusion on the differences between the two operas (Locke,  Musical Exoticism, p, 154). There are three chief trends that exhibited exoticism all through the nineteenth century. These trends includes; the utilization of western music alongside exotic elements in operas, the introduction of romantic exoticism through music and dance and relying on the audience to make a decision on the extent of exoticism (Locke,  Musical Exoticism, p, 157). The most apparent dissimilarity between the two operas is based on the reality that; II trovatore uses more melodical inventions with tunes which are quotable in nature, that are not shown in Verdi’s opera. For this reason, different people such as Edord Hanslich said that the music used in II trovatore was shot from a pistol because it is both direct and encompasses attractive melodies. For instance, in the start of act II where there is a movement from the Anvil chorus of gypsies into the Azucena chorus, there is richness of melodies that ensures that the drama is moved in an electrifying way through the opera (Locke,  Musical Exoticism, p, 155). These differences brings out different stereotypes concerning Europeans and gypsies. Thereby creates a conflict among different people and characters, this conflict are apparent in the two operas. For instance, Julian Budden points out that European music is more eminently expressive, aspiring, has high quality content, and features long-breathing phases that make the audience to relate effectively with what is being sung in the opera. On the contrast, Gypsies uses music which is composed of short and common phrases and repetitive rhythmic patterns whose overall totality is

Binge Eating Disorders - treatment programmes, specific clinical Essay

Binge Eating Disorders - treatment programmes, specific clinical issues - Essay Example In case of adults, it is possible for them to spend money and get surgeries done to reduce the flab from their bodies. However, for children, spending money on plastic surgeries is not possible and hence, they are forced to adopt harmful eating behavior to get in perfect shape. Moreover, the pressure from families makes it difficult for them to find a support at home (Graber, Archibald, Brooks-Gunn,1999, p.52). In fact, according to Taylor et al (2006), the development of eating disorder occurs due to negative comments regarding physical aspects, made by parents and family members (Dosil, 2008, p. 47). Hence, the only option that children and adolescents have is to indulge in drastic steps of weight loss like dieting, binging, using laxatives, skipping meals etc. It not only develops the eating disorder in them but also makes them lose their self-esteem, confidence and trust in self and people around them, as parents tease them and siblings laugh at them (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.313) . However, the factor that plays a major role in development of eating disorder is the unusual and rigid functioning style of the family. Hence, if the eating disorder is to be eradicated completely, then the families need to show unconditional regard, emotional support and total acceptance of children as it is their outlook which makes children to develop confidence in their personal and social image, and achieve happiness and success in life. Definition Eating disorder is a general term used to describe two types of eating disorders known as the anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.311). American Psychiatric Association defines anorexia nervosa as a disorder in which a person has a disturbed body image perception which develops intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.311). In bulimia nervosa, people evaluate themselves on the basis of body shape and weight which leads to episodes of uncontrolled binge eating and inappropriate behavior like self induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives to maintain weight (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312). The studies in the past 25 years, including that of Kog and Vandereycken (1985) and Wonderlich (1992), have found family relationships and communication patterns as consistent factors in the development of eating disorders (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312). Eating disorders can be developed due to multiple destructive family functioning styles and structures (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312).This clearly shows that eating disorder is not just a physiological problem but has its roots in psychological and emotional aspects of a person. Hence, eating disorder is a psychosomatic disorder. Nature Of The Disorder Eating disorder is not a physical disorder completely. It has its roots in the social and personal perception of the body. Most of the times, the desire to get the body shape and weight to fit with the expectations of others, makes young adolescent s to develop eating disorder. It is not just a physical problem but has its roots in the mind and the soul of a person and hence, it is psychosomatic in nature. Psychosomatic illness is an illness which has its roots in the psychological problems that a person is experiencing (Minuchin, Rosman & Baker, 1978, p.13). Dunbar had noted that certain diseases are a result of certain personality traits in human beings and hence, according to him, it was

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics and Values between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example Various companies claim to have the best corporate environment in their respective cultures but there are several discrepancies and deviations in them. Abolishment of organizational ethics can be observed in companies and yet they claim to be the best in market. The purpose of this paper is to examine such circumstances in a profit organization- Apple Inc. and a nonprofit organization- International Red Crescent. What sort of organizational ethics play into action in these firms and how are they following the code of ethics is the essence of the paper. What kind of culture is prevailing in the decision making process- authoritative or democratic etc. Examining the current status of employees, management practices and their relationship with the ethical management theories will be illustrated. What processes the companies have applied to remain competitive in the industry and are the mission & vision matching with their respective actions etc or not. In depth analysis of both these co mpanies will be done to acquire concrete knowledge. Part 1: International Red Cross: Company Profile The International Red Cross movement is a world renowned nonprofit humanitarian movement for the welfare of human race. It has the legacy to help out human beings irrespective of any race, color or religion. The motto of this movement is to protect human lives, cure them from diseases and prevent their sufferings. This movement has been working globally having stations in almost every country of the world. The Red Cross movement has its subsidiaries working in countries by the name of National Red Cross; however the mother organization remains as International Red Cross. Red Cross joined hands with the Red Crescent movement so that humanitarian services would be expanded and an overall impact all over the globe could be made. The efforts of the merger of both these organizations gave a powerful message that humanity first. The establishment of International Red Cross and Red Crescent movement was essential as they got immense aid and their humanitarian services also spread out. This movement is highly acknowledged by the governments of the world and in the time of war, floods, earthquakes or any unpleasant circumstances; International Red Cross & Red Crescent are the front row saviors of human lives. They have well qualified doctors, physicians, rescue team and technology. Due to their enormous fame and great services, government and people whole heartedly aid this organization. The efforts laid by Red Cross are verily outstanding and commendable. Ethical Dilemma at Red Cross Every organization faces tough and hard circumstances through which it has to pass victorious. Red Cross has faced several ethical dilemmas and it occurred due to numerous reasons. The biggest issue which Red Cross has been facing is the logistics problem. Logistics and Supply chain management is a big setback in the serving efforts of the organization. The proper management and allocation process still needs to be examined. There is no doubt about the services provided by Red Cross but most of them it is observed that there process is slowed down due to delay in supplies. The supply chain management department of Red Crescent has not been so active in the years and their service has not been up to the mark (Van Wassenhove, 2005). Delays in facilitating the affected masses have been due to shortage of supplies in which the negligence of supply chain department and

Binge Eating Disorders - treatment programmes, specific clinical Essay

Binge Eating Disorders - treatment programmes, specific clinical issues - Essay Example In case of adults, it is possible for them to spend money and get surgeries done to reduce the flab from their bodies. However, for children, spending money on plastic surgeries is not possible and hence, they are forced to adopt harmful eating behavior to get in perfect shape. Moreover, the pressure from families makes it difficult for them to find a support at home (Graber, Archibald, Brooks-Gunn,1999, p.52). In fact, according to Taylor et al (2006), the development of eating disorder occurs due to negative comments regarding physical aspects, made by parents and family members (Dosil, 2008, p. 47). Hence, the only option that children and adolescents have is to indulge in drastic steps of weight loss like dieting, binging, using laxatives, skipping meals etc. It not only develops the eating disorder in them but also makes them lose their self-esteem, confidence and trust in self and people around them, as parents tease them and siblings laugh at them (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.313) . However, the factor that plays a major role in development of eating disorder is the unusual and rigid functioning style of the family. Hence, if the eating disorder is to be eradicated completely, then the families need to show unconditional regard, emotional support and total acceptance of children as it is their outlook which makes children to develop confidence in their personal and social image, and achieve happiness and success in life. Definition Eating disorder is a general term used to describe two types of eating disorders known as the anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.311). American Psychiatric Association defines anorexia nervosa as a disorder in which a person has a disturbed body image perception which develops intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.311). In bulimia nervosa, people evaluate themselves on the basis of body shape and weight which leads to episodes of uncontrolled binge eating and inappropriate behavior like self induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives to maintain weight (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312). The studies in the past 25 years, including that of Kog and Vandereycken (1985) and Wonderlich (1992), have found family relationships and communication patterns as consistent factors in the development of eating disorders (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312). Eating disorders can be developed due to multiple destructive family functioning styles and structures (Segrin & Flora, 2005, p.312).This clearly shows that eating disorder is not just a physiological problem but has its roots in psychological and emotional aspects of a person. Hence, eating disorder is a psychosomatic disorder. Nature Of The Disorder Eating disorder is not a physical disorder completely. It has its roots in the social and personal perception of the body. Most of the times, the desire to get the body shape and weight to fit with the expectations of others, makes young adolescent s to develop eating disorder. It is not just a physical problem but has its roots in the mind and the soul of a person and hence, it is psychosomatic in nature. Psychosomatic illness is an illness which has its roots in the psychological problems that a person is experiencing (Minuchin, Rosman & Baker, 1978, p.13). Dunbar had noted that certain diseases are a result of certain personality traits in human beings and hence, according to him, it was

Dr jekyll and mr hyde Essay Example for Free

Dr jekyll and mr hyde Essay This again shows that he wants no company and wants to be left alone. The next example, which shows secrecy, is the fog, when Utterson goes to Soho. The fog is described as, embattled vapours and swirling wreaths. Also it says The fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street. This portrays secrecy because it is as if the fog reveals to him the street as if he didnt know it was there. Another point of the fog being secretive is where it says and the next moment the fog settled again upon the part. This was the home of Henry Jekylls favourite. This shows secrecy as well because the fog has cut him off from everything else apart from this building which he goes into. Both these points show how the fog has a secretive impact on the story. Jekylls property contributes to the theme of duality this is because it has two sides to it both different. On the one side is the big grand house which is decorated nicely, however the other side which is the laboratory, has barred windows and appears very spooky. The last example shows secrecy. It is Jekyll stating in his will which says In case of the decease of Henry Jekyll, all his possessions were to pass into the hands of his friend and benefactor Edward Hyde as well as In the case of Dr Jekylls disappearance or unexplained absence for any period exceeding three calendar months This is all very secretive and when the readers read this they do not know why Jekyll would do this and why he actually has. It is all very secretive. R. L Stevenson was influenced to focus on duality and secrecy; these influences were from the Victorian times. Some men were highly respected, wealthy, married and successful men however they just like Jekyll lead a secret life, they went to prostitutes and lead lives secretly which no one knew about and definitely wouldnt have expected. A lot of people like grave robbers were skulking around, and in the Victorian times scientists were all experimenting trying new medicines and different potions and constantly experimenting like Jekyll. All of this Shows Duality and secrecy and shows how he got the influences to focus on the themes. In this section I will compare two characters and to see what they are like, what language is used to describe them and how does the characters relate to the themes. First of all Hyde is like an animal and the language used to describe him is inhumane, in the story, the phrases used to describe him are: like a cornered animal, like an animal evil looking, out of control like a wild animal and unpredictable. These all make him sound savage and a very evil man. However when you compare him with Carew the two are very different. Carew is described as: an aged beautiful gentleman, pretty manner of politeness and innocent. Carew is portrayed as a very kind gentleman who wouldnt hurt anyone and the language used to describe him is very innocent because of his kind personality. When you directly compare the two they are like complete opposites berceuse of where Hyde is evil and animal like, but whereas Carew is very kind. One of the moral ideas in this story is be careful what you wish for. This is because Jekyll wanted to be free of a moral conscience, however when he did and became Hyde it overpowered him, and then he wanted to be free of the thing he wanted in the first place, so much so he even took his own life. Another moral idea is not to overlook anyone because they dont know if they lead double lives like in the story Utterson knew Jekyll and never couldve guessed he could have done what he did. The message for the reader at the time was that the well respected gentlemen are not what they seem to be and should not be overlooked. The story is still relevant to the modern society because men are having affairs that people are not aware of, so this relates to the theme of duality which is expressed in the story. Also because of the moral decline in modern society the story is important because of the good men in the story, which relates to respectability which is shown in the story, for example Jekyll is well respected for being a well known doctor, however in modern times people are not very well respected because there are less morals and as people are turning to drugs or alcohols and the crime levels many people are not respected and possibly less, than in the story. Morals from the story involving secrecy and duality and nowadays I think they are still very valid. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Rights and childhood

Rights and childhood Discuss the contribution made by Locke and Rousseau to changing ideas on childcare and education during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The late seventeenth century marked a change in society known as enlightenment. The Puritans had taught the absolute authority of the church and believed children were born sinful. According to E. J. Hundert in Ashcraft (1991) Mercantilist writers believed the working classes were lazy and work shy because of their inherited lazy nature. They did not believe anything could be done to change them. The eighteenth century ushered in new approaches to childhood Cunningham (2006 p102). Growth of industry in England raised it to global dominance, which changed the way children were perceived. The theories of Locke and Rousseau on childcare and education had a major impact on changing attitudes to childcare and education that still impact on how children are viewed in the 21st century. David Archard (2004) says that John Locke and J.J. Rousseau were the first to suggest a manifesto for a child centred education. The debate about the best way to raise and educate children was down to Lockes tabula rasa or Rousseaus idea that children are naturally born innocent. These views were in sharp contrast to the Puritan view. Inborn sin or Godliness were no longer considered factors that shaped individuals. Muller suggests that Locke believed in educating children to help them overcome difficulties they would face in the changing social environment. He saw children as blank slates to be written on to fit them for a good life. This was not actually a new idea according to Cunningham (2006). He tells us that Erasmus had spoken about children being moulded like wax two centuries earlier but this idea still endures to the present time. Locke wrote in his book Some Thoughts on Education (1693: section 54)) that the basis for training good adults was all down to reason; that is sensible thinking based on reasonable logic. He was against the harsh beatings but instead suggested that parents should reason with their children and recognise their needs and interests. Locke believed that a persons character was formed in the early years. According to Archard (2004 p1) Locke denied that knowledge was inborn and learning depended on reason. However, Archard (2004) believes there would be problems trying to teach reason to a blank slate so the child must be born with the instinct to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Cunningham (2006) says Locke believed that the parents should provide the education in the home. It was all down to learning good habits. According to Houswitschaka in Muller, the Lockean childs education was based on learning to think sensibly by being set a good example by parents but he rejected the view that parents owned their children. He did, however, think parents should be Absolute Governors (Cunningham 2006: p110). Learning was based on using logic, we are born with faculties and powers capable of almost anything Locke (Archard p3). Children could experience things during sensory play. Like Piaget, Locke believed that the first learning experiences are linked to the senses and these give the infant the opportunity to develop reasoned thinking. He did not believe in having rules because they stifle freedom of thought. Instead he advocated that good behaviour would be achieved by learning good habits. He was against giving children books with stories that might frighten them. He recommended Aesops Fables as suitable reading material. He thought the wrong books could corrupt children but Cunningham says parents still bought cheap books and enjoyed them as much as children and middle class boys were covertly introduced to books about sex. This would have met with approval by Rousseau but Locke was against any knowledge that might make boys less than perfect. Locke believed there should be a ban on corporal punishment as it trains children to look for things that give pleasure and avoid situations that cause pain. It was better for children to behave because they reasoned that it was the only way forward and they understood why some things were forbidden. However, Cunningham (2006) says that children continued to be beaten during this period but it was less severe so not everyone took notice of Lockes theory. Lockes believed knowledge is cumulative and progressive, the necessity of communication and curiosity about cultural variety Aarsleff (Muller p83). As children will not have time and strength to learn all things, most pains should be taken about that which is most necessary (Ashcroft p452). This has endured today with the National Curriculum being developed. Children should be allowed lots of time to play so that they do not become bored. He said children should be tenderly usedmust play, and have playthings Locke, but parents should take care not to spoil their children by giving them too many toys. Cunningham believes Locke was one of the first to discuss pester power. Toys were to be carefully chosen and given one at a time. Things like smooth stones or keys were all that was needed. The toy should be exchanged before the child got bored. Lockes views on toys were supported by the educationalist Maria Edgeworth the following century. Cunningham (2006) says, however, there is evidence that many toys were commercially produced during this time so not all parents took any notice of Locke. He says there is evidence to suggest that Lockes views actually encouraged toy manufacturers to make more toys though toys like playing cards and jigsaws that taught children about maths and geography were introduced. Using apparatus to help children learn skills are still used as valuable teaching aids. Cunningham says children were given wooden letters to help learn reading. We still use these today. Locke believed children would return to their studies with renewed enthusiasm after a break and schools follow this theory today. Locke believed that education must b e for the good of society as a whole so there was still no complete freedom of thought. Cunningham (2006) also says Locke had some suggestions about childcare. He advocated washing childrens feet in cold water every day and providing them with thin shoes that let in water. This was presumably to toughen them up but Cunningham believes there is little evidence to show many parents followed this recommendation. Today this would be considered neglect. He also had strong views on how children were clothed. Clothing was for warmth not vanity. Allowing children to choose clothes that were considered fashionable was wrong. Rousseau also had some suggestions for parenting skills. He believed children were born innocent and should be raised to be at one with nature. They should not have their innocence tainted by society. They should be allowed to do anything they wanted and to learn from experience. Piaget would support this. Rousseau had an imaginary boy called Emile who broke a window and learnt by experience that this made him cold. Children would soon learn that fire burns. Rousseau tells us that it was common to swaddle babies from birth, man was born free and he is everywhere in chains (Rousseau in Grimsley 1973). They could not use their hands to touch things. Infants were bound so tightly that they could barely breath and it hindered growth and strength. He was concerned that the first feelings an infant experienced were pain and stiffness. It led to infants being frustrated and bad tempered. The pain from trying to move warned them not to try moving. This was unnatural as it stifled natural ins tincts. The practice also enabled women to hang infants out of the way from hooks so that they could get on with other jobs. Today we would consider this practice as abuse. Rich mothers often claimed they were too weak to breast feed their infants and used wet nurses. Rousseau said children needed their mothers care and that there was no substitute for a mothers love. Schaffer conducted research in 1976 and found that children bond to mothers who respond to their needs quickly. Rousseau appears to have discovered this in the eighteenth century. He said the mother should breast-feed the infant. Milk from wet nurses might be in short supply because the lack of feelings for the child would hinder the flow. Rousseau claimed that when the wet nurse left, the mother could not expect the child to suddenly bond with her. The infant death rate could have reduced in the 18th century because more mothers took Rousseaus advice to breast- feed. Rousseau, like Locke, warned mothers against spoiling their children by doing everything for them. This would hinder training them to cope with unexpected dangers in the future. This statement would suggest that mothers did l ove their children even though parenting skills were questionable. It was common practice at the time for the wealthy to send boys to a tutor at age seven to have their heads filled with knowledge (Rousseau). Rousseau advocated that tutors should do the job for the love of it rather than for money. Many would regard this as sensible advice. Education should be natural. Tutors needed to be able to become children themselves, that is, able to relate to the child. The child must be taught as an individual but like Locke, he also advocated teaching skills that are for the common good. Children who were sent away to be educated would return to see the family as strangers. Rousseau, like Locke, believed that parents should teach the young child. Children should have freedom of natural thought. The poor may come to manhood without our help, (Rousseau 1792). Learning could not be speeded up in the same way that learning to walk cannot be hurried. It matters little to me whether my pupil is intended for the army, the church or the law Life is the trade I would teach him. When he leaves me, I grant you, he will be neither a magistrate, a soldier, nor a priest; he will be a man (Rousseau 1762). However, this would only be possible for the rich. Muller says that Rousseau believed pleasant experiences would balance out unpleasant experiences. This would apply to all. Make the citizen good by training and everything else will follow (Rousseau 1792). Grimsley (1973) says that Rousseau believed that education could maintain the original innocence of the child. The teacher should be a facilitator (as in Piagets theory). Like Freud and Piaget, Rousseau thought childhood passed through age related stages and knowledge should not be above the childs grasp. Children should reason their way to their own conclusions. Darling (1994) argues that todays child centred education theory is a result of Rousseaus ideas. We also believe the same theory today that Rousseau advocated in the eighteenth century, that children need good, healthy food, the body must be strong enough to obey the mind (Rousseau 1792 ). He stressed that children should have good hygiene and plenty of exercise. These theories are the same as those promoted today by health professionals. Cunningham (2006) says a number of guides on how to bring up children were published and this could have contributed to the fall in the infant death rate. One thing that would be argued today is Rousseaus thoughts on books. Reading is the curse of childhood (Rousseau). He thought we should not stimulate the imagination because it can lead to unhappiness. The aim in the 21st century is to stimulate children. Cunningham tells us that children were taught from early in the morning until late into the evening. The idea of perfectibility by education marked a crucial change to modern society (Muller p82). According to Cunningham (2006) the changes in how children were reared might have been political because the nation saw itself as free and this would have rubbed off on parents but the teachings of Locke and Rousseau have had a major impact on how children are looked upon in the 21st century. Neither Locke nor Rousseau had first hand experience of raising children and their ideas were very different, yet the ideas were ground breaking. Locke was a bachelor and Rousseau gave away all his children to a foundling hospital. It is universally agreed that children must be educated to be good citizens and the best way to do this is for parents to teach them skills for the good of society. Rousseau saw children as being naturally born free from sin but tainted by society. It is no part of a childs business to know right and wrong Rousseau (Cunningham p114). Rousseaus suggestion of leaving children to find things out for themselves could put children in danger and might be considered child ne glect today but many of his teachings are still followed. Lockes ideas on toughening children up like washing feet in cold water would also be frowned upon. References Archard, D. (2004) 2nd Edition Children: Rights and Childhood, Chapter 1, John Lockes Children, Oxford: Routledge. Ashcraft, R (ed. 1991): Locke: Critical Assessments, The Making of Homo Faber: John Locke between Ideology and History, E. Hundert (pp438-457), London: Routledge. Cunningham, H. (2006) The Invention of Childhood (pp79-130), London: BBC Books Cunningham, H. (2005) 2nd Edition, Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500 pp58-72, London: Pearson Education Grimsley, R. (1973) Philosophy of Rousseau (pp45-51), Oxford: Oxford University Press Muller, A. (Ed 2006) Fashioning Childhood in the 18th Century: Age and Identity, Lockes Education or Rousseaus freedom C. Houswitschaka (pp81-88), Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Rousseau J.J. (2007) Emile: Or on Education, Nu Vision Publications: Google Books www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm (accessed 15.02.2010

ATA to Ultra ATA :: essays research papers

ATA to Ultra ATA/66 Advanced ATA Storage Interface Introduction Interface History Understanding the Need for a Faster Disc Interface Technology Overview Performance Increase Cost Stabilization Backward Compatibility System Requirements Data Integrity and Reliability Conclusions More Information Introduction The PC industry is constantly searching for advanced technology. This equates to more disc space, faster performance, more memory, better displays – virtually every component is under relentless pressure to improve. Continual improvement for the disc drive industry means lower costs, improved reliability, higher capacity, and better performance. As PC performance increases, the performance of the hard drive, which is the central input/output (I/O) device of the PC, becomes increasingly important. Improvement in disc drive performance is a complex area and is measured using several components: seek time, rotational latency, internal transfer rate, cache, and interface speed. Interface History The hard drive interface is the path through which data travels between the PC and the hard drive. The original ISA-dependent ATA (IDE) interface was limited to about 4 Mbytes/sec in the beginning, but reached as high as 8 Mbytes/sec. Interface protocols, such as programmed input/output (PIO) and direct memory access (DMA) modes, were designed to take advantage of the new local bus architectures that replaced ISA. ATA interface modes have progressed from PIO to DMA and now Ultra DMA, giving data transfer rates from 8.3, 11.1, and 13.3 Mbytes/sec up to 16.6, 33.3, and now 66.6 Mbytes/sec. Specification ATA ATA 2 ATA 3 ATA/ATAPI 4 ATA/ATAPI 5 Max Transfer Modes PIO 1 PIO 4 DMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 4 Max Transfer Rate 4 Mbytes/sec 16 Mbytes/sec 16 Mbytes/sec 33 Mbytes/sec 66 Mbyte/sec Max Connections 2 2 2 2 per cable 2 per cable Cable Required 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin, 80-conductor Additional Features - Base - Speed - Synchronous Transfers - S.M.A.R.T. - Secure Mode - Queuing - Overlap - ATAPI - Speed - Data Reliability Year Introduced 1981 1994 1996 1997 1999 The trends in the above chart show that several components have improved with the evolution of the ATA interface. Speed and functionality have made major strides over the years. Performance remains the most commonly considered attribute with interface developments, and Ultra ATA/66 makes burst data transfer rates of up to 66.6 Mbytes/sec possible. Understanding the Need for a Faster Disc Interface Ultra ATA/66 provides a low-cost, high-reliability, backwards-compatible solution to data transfer bottlenecks that slow overall system performance. As the data storage density (areal density) of disc drives and rotational speeds have increased, bottlenecks also increased, thus requiring the ATA interface to improve performance to attain compatible data transfer speeds.

Analysis Of Multidisciplinary Counter Intelligence Essay -- essays res

The United States today is becoming more and more dependant upon technological developments to gather intelligence. The â€Å"secret agents† of yesterday are very close to being obsolete. With technology becoming the prime source of intelligence gathering, there is an assumption that other countries are gathering intelligence in similar ways. The only way to combat intelligence gathering against the United States is to know what technological intelligence collection resources are being used for gathering information. This is the job of Multidisciplinary Counterintelligence (MDCI). How does the government know that lines are secure from signals intelligence of foreign adversaries? One of the main tasks of MDCI is the â€Å"communication line† of the American Government. Radio waves can easily be detected with the right equipment anywhere within the area, and even microwaves can be detected with a receiver in the right place. MDCI combats these problems with encryption for messages and secure lines for voice communication. The encryption process is found on the governments SIPRnet web, which is used for the transfer of classified information only. For voice communications, the government uses secured lines that will scramble communications into meaningless sounds or scratches. The only problem with these types of devices is that they cannot be located just anywhere and can be very expensive to maintain; furthermore, facilities must be able to support these classified mediums. With all o...

Appreciation of ‘The Tyger’ Essay

Subject matter Blake is this poem gives a description of the tiger, describing vividly its appearance, its structure, its beauty and its terror. As well as describing the tiger, the poet also tries to explain how he pictures the creation of the tiger, as well as the terror of the creator (who created such a fearsome and awesome creature). Purpose The poet’s purpose in this poem is to describe something that fascinates him. The tiger in his view is a powerful, yet beautiful creature, a creature so powerful that it is terrifying. However, the poet also attempts to comprehend its creator, God. He shows that if the creation is powerful and terrifying, and asks the question how powerful must be the creator? The poet clearly expresses that he is very afraid of the power of God, and what God is able to do. Throughout the poem the poet expresses his admiration, his wonder and his fear, this poem is as much a study of the tiger as a study of God. Emotion Though the poem is mostly descriptive, the poet gives the reader some clues of the emotions that he feels. On the face of this poem, it seems to be a poem about a nature. However, looking further into the poem one can see that the poem is a very religious poem. One of the most dominant emotion that one can feel when reading the poem is the wonder and awe. Whether it is at the tiger or at God, Blake shows much wonder; as shown in the extract in verse 1: ‘And what shoulder & what art, Could twist thy heart?’ Blake describes the colours of the tiger’s fur as ‘burning’, as though the fur of the tiger was a fire itself. This fire is carried on into verse two where Blake describes that there is a fire burning in the eyes of the tiger.. In line 3 and 4 of verse 1 Blake turns his attention to the creator: ‘What immortal hand or eye, Could frame thy fearful symmetry.’ His wonders about what the hands and eyes of God are like. Blake sees the tiger as a creation of a great craftsman, a work of art. The most important parts of a craftsman are his eyes and his hands. They are a craftsman’s most important tools, allowing him to craft the image he has in his imagination. This idea could have been influenced by Blake’s work as a engraver. The other dominant emotion in the poem is the fear shown by Blake. His is very afraid of the tiger. Yet his is even more afraid of God the creator of such an awesome beast. This is a sometimes a feature of Christians to be ‘God-fearing’ people. This fear can be seen in the following extracts: ‘What dread hand? & what dread feet?’ ‘In what furnace was thy brain?’ ‘Dare its deadly terrors clasp’ The extracts above show how much Blake fears the tiger. He is afraid of the tiger’s claws, and the image in Blake’s mind is a beast created from the furnace of heaven and hammered out by a master craftsman. This dreaded ferocious inspires much fear in Blake, even though he admires its beauty ‘What immortal hand or eye, Dare frame thy fearful symmetry.’ Blake tries to imagine the power required to create the tiger. He tries to picture what being could create the tiger. The picture of this powerful and yet very skilful craftsman is very daunting to Blake. What person would dare take this fearsome beast out of the furnaces, hammer it into an elegant yet very potent shape. What person could twist the shape of the sinews of the tiger’s heart and create a burning fur coat and burning eyes? The image of this creation is very frightful to Blake, let alone the God, the person who hammered, twisted, and shaped this beast. It should also be noted the ‘could’ was replaced with ‘dare’. This shows that first Blake only thought about the ability, skill, power and strength needed to create the tiger. Later on at the end of the poem, Blake is thinking about the nerve and the daring required to create the tiger. Craftsmanship Structure The poem has a very regular structure, it is divided into six stanzas, each with four lines. The first stanza is repeated in the last stanza but ‘could’ in line four is replaced with ‘dare’. Each line is approximately the same length in words and syllables. Each stanza is used to address one point about God or the tiger. The poem seems also to be structured in the thought process of the poet. First he looks at the tiger itself, describing its prominent features. The poem then tries to picture the creation process of the tiger, and the workshop of this great craftsman. The poet then tries to move on to this creator or craftsman himself. He wonders whether God was content with this creation, and wonders about the more heavenly creature: the stars and the angels. Language The language used in the poem is very vocative. Throughout the poem the poet seems to be talking to the tiger. He seems to be enquiring about the origins of the tiger: ‘What the hammer? What the chain? In what furnace was thy brain?’ He is asking the tiger as though the tiger is a friend of the poet (the use of thou and thee). The poet seems to the reader as a thinker trying to find out the answer to a very difficult question. The poet is asking questions that can not be answered for very little is known about God. The language is also very striking, very vivid and effective. The language catch the reader’s attention and is imaginative. It is very appropriate to the poem itself, the language increases the fear and adds effect to the wonder. The words does deliver the message that the poet intends. Much of the language helps to strike the fear into the minds of the readers. When reading this poem, one can not help but feel a sense of awe to the tiger and God. Imagery In the poem there are no striking examples of similes and metaphors, but the poet does use a large amount of personification. He personifies God as a craftsman or a blacksmith: ‘And what shoulder & what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? The poet seems to apply his own life experiences to his image of God. He sees God as this craftsman working by a furnace like himself. He sees the material the God uses to create as metallic. In the process of creation, God works like a blacksmith, heating the metal until the critical point is reached, the metal is then taken out and hammered into shape. This process repeats until the perfect shape is reached. Once the work is finished, God must be pleased and proud of his creations like other artists. The poet also personifies the tiger, addressing the tiger as if the tiger was able to understand him. He asks the tiger questions as though the tiger was able to answer him and explain to him what the poet does not understand. The poet also personifies the stars: ‘When the stars threw down their spears , And watered the heavens with their tears;’ The poet sees the stars as the angels of heaven, throwing down their weapons and crying at such a wonderful creation. The poet makes the reader see God as a human with tow sides, power and the strength represented by the tiger, while the gentle caring side represented by the lamb. This in many ways is the symbolism used throughout the poem by the poet. Movement There is not real rhythm or movement to the poem itself. There are no real rhythmic qualities in the poem. However, when read out loud, the poem should be read out slowly, and loudly. This adds to the effect of the poem, it gives one more time to process the carefully chose words. It would make the poem more effective and allow the listener to truly appreciate the poem. Sounds The most significant sound feature of the poem is its rhyming scheme. Each stanza rhymes in the form of AABB, with the exception of the last line of the first and last stanza of the poem. The poet uses neither onomatopoeia nor alliteration nor assonance. In fact the poem uses very little sound features. I do however think that onomatopoeia could have been used to help the reader to imagine the sounds of this great workshop that Blake pictures in his mind. It would help the reader reach a better level of understanding. It would have also made the poem more affective. The poem is very strong with the visual part of the imagery, however, without the sounds, the perception of the poet’s idea is incomplete. For example, if the poet included the bangs, clangs of the workshop, or even included the growls and the roars of the tiger. This would have increased one’s sense of wonder and awe. Other sound features such as alliteration and assonance, I feel, would not have been as effective and would not have helped the understanding of the poet’s imagination. Summary The poem has had a very strong impact on me. The poem has made me aware that the world is made up of fierceness and strength (shown in the tiger) as well as gentleness and peace (as shown in the lamb). Blake’s tiger is a very terrifying and dynamic creation, which apart from being seen to represent the fiercer side of God, could also be seen to represent the forces of evil lurking in our world. This evil seems to be able to hide in the cover of the darkness of the night, and haunts our minds through our dreams and especially our nightmares. Blake’s lamb (Did he who made the lamb also make thee?) apart from being a symbol of Gods gentle and loving side, can also be seen as a symbol of all the good in the world; the caring, the love and the kindness shown in Jesus Christ himself. The poem, as I have already noted, is a very visual poem. Though it is read, the poem inspires us to try and picture what he sees. The words of the poem create very vivid, clear and striking images in the reader or listener’s minds. We see dynamic beast with awesome features, a skilful and great craftsman working laboriously in his great workshop. Inside the workshop burns a great furnace with huge and very hot fire. The craftsman hammers and twists the shape of the creation, and when finally he has completed this marvellous work, he is proud and smiles. The angels around this creator all weep and throw down their weapons at the sight of this marvel. The only flaw that I have noted is the lack of use of sound features. This poem, as I have already mentioned, would more complete if the reader can hear the sounds of the workshop and hear the weeps of the angels or even the deafening roars of the tiger as it first leaps out of the furnace as a complete creation. This does not flaw the poem in a significant way, but I feel that it would improve the poem and make the poem more effective Blake made use of sound features.